Made to Order Babies

Imagine sitting down at a table and being handed a menu, but this is no ordinary menu to order food off of. No, this menu is at a medical clinic and it’s the menu to your new customized â€Å"designer baby†. Technology has advanced so much in the past couple years that this situation could happen very soon. If not in your lifetime, then in that of your children’s. What is a â€Å"designer baby†? It’s exactly as the words imply; a baby genetically modified to what the parents call â€Å"the perfect baby†. Today, the sex of the baby, the hair color, and the eye color can all be modified to the choice of the parent. And soon other things will be possible, such as modifying genetic defects in a baby. All of this would probably sound very appealing to someone that is just being introduced to the topic, but what about the side effects? Are there any? Is there any possibility that the baby will come out harmed or with some other defect that was caused by a â€Å"modification†? There are no answers for these questions, because even scientists and doctors do not know. So, should society take the risk of harming innocent babies to try and create â€Å"the perfect baby†? No, we should not. The â€Å"designer baby† is immoral and should be illegal. Nobody knows the side effects of modifying a baby, not even the scientists who conduct the research. Not only physical side effects, but also emotional and societal side effects. We do not know how society would perceive a genetically modified human. Procedures that are done to modify a baby include terminating some embryos. There are a lot of people who would see this action as immoral. If there are riots outside of clinics because they think of abortion as being immoral, those same people would most likely riot in protest to â€Å"designer babies†. There is also the question as to what will happen once everyone is â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"perfectly modified†. What will these â€Å"perfect† people think of those who already have genetic defects? They may think of them as inferior, and look down on them. That could lead to a new type of â€Å"genetic† discrimination (Baird 12-16). If laws were made against being able to design babies, then we would not have to worry about these problems. In 2009 an article titled Designing Rules for Designer Babies was published in the Scientific American magazine. The article says: In the U. S. , no binding rules deter a private clinic from offering a menu of traits or from implanting a woman with a collection of embryos. Physicians who may receive more than $10,000 for a procedure serve as the sole arbiters of a series of thorny ethical, safety and social welfare questions (29). With no binding laws or rules to this, some doctors will do the procedures just to get the money. It would definitely bring up questions about the doctors morals and if he/she really cares about their patients. Take, for example, Nadya Suleman, whom was implanted with genetically altered embryos. The doctor implanted her with a collection of six embryos. Two of those embryos split, making her pregnant with eight children. It does make everyone question her, but also the doctor. Did he take into account that she already had six children? Did he consider her financial status? (Designing Rules 29) Another question to ask is; how far do we go in â€Å"designing† our babies? The same article from Scientific American gives a perfect example of a situation that could happen: We could get carried away â€Å"correcting† perfectly healthy babies. Once we start down the slippery slope of eliminating embryos because they are diseased, what is to stop us from picking babies for their physical or psychological traits? What if this does happen? We could create a whole new generation based on what traits are the best for someone, or how knowledgeable everyone should be. In doing this, are we not doing the same thing Hitler tried to do; create the perfect humans? It didn’t get him very far, and won’t get society anywhere today. Some might say that designing a baby would be a great thing. That we could cure diseases and disorders before the baby is even born. But when a baby is â€Å"designed to get â€Å"rid† of disease and disorders, there are embryos that are killed in order to find â€Å"the perfect baby†. It could be considered the same thing as abortion. Our technological advances in the past couple years have greatly enhanced ociety. There are also technologies that will harm society. The â€Å"designer baby† is one of those technologies. It sounds very appealing to be able to create the child that you have always wanted, but we have always said that we were created the way we are for a reason, and we should keep saying that. No one knows the side effects of creating our babies, they could come out monsters f or all we know. If laws were put into effect against the â€Å"designer baby†, then we would be safe from these â€Å"monsters†.

Common College Diseases Essay

College students are young, lively and generally healthy individuals, but just like any population, they are prone tocertain health problems. Not only do college students have some of the worst eating, exercising and sleeping habits,they also have to deal with stress from school, relationships and job hunting that takes a major toll on their health.Here are the 8 most common college diseases: 1. Depression : Depression is a growing issue that even college campuses are dealing with more and more. An alarming 44 percent of college students reported feeling symptoms of depression during college andmany do not seek treatment for their mental illness. Depression can be brought on by a number of factors,including anxiety from school or work, the loss of a loved one, a troubled relationship and early childhoodtrauma. College students have a high risk of being depressed because their hormones are often out of whack and imbalanced at this age, and they face a great deal of pressures and obstacles while in schooland away from their parents. 2. Meningococcal Meningitis: Meningococcal meningitis is a rare but often deadly bacterial infection that isspread through air droplets and direct contact with infected persons. When the disease attacks, it will shutdown major organs and prevent blood flow to the limbs, often causing tissue to die and extremities to beamputated. From a national perspective, meningococcal meningitis is a rare disease that strikes fewer than 3,000 people every year. However, it tends to thrive on college students living in the dorms becauseof the close-quartered arrangements and their often weak immune systems. 3. Alcohol and Drug Addiction: Alcohol and drug abuse has, and continues to be, a health problem amongcollege students. College students have higher rates of alcohol and drug addiction than the rest of thepublic, with nearly 2.7 million full-time college students abusing drugs and alcohol at least once a month. As students relish in their newfound freedom, they are more likely to try drugs and alcohol with friends for the first time. Although alcohol is still the preferred drug of choice by most college students, there has alsobeen an increase in marijuana and prescription drug abuse. 4. Sexually Transmitted Diseasesc: With the increased amount of sexual activity and unprotected sexhappening in todays colleges, its no wonder why sexually transmitted diseases are rampant amongcollege students. An estimated 20 to 25 percent of college students have been infected or are carriers of STDs. Sexually active young adults have high rates of STDs because they do not use adequate protectionand often do not seek medical attention. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes and HPV (Human Papillomavirus)are some of the most common STDs among college students. 5. Eating Disorders: Eating disorders continue to be a major concern among college students today. Inaddition to the classic eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there are a number of other eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) that have become more rampant in college, suchas caloric restriction, drastic weight loss, excessive exercise, binging and purging. Disordered eating iscommonplace in college, when students are eating on their own and trying to avoid gaining the â€Å"freshman15.† 6. Obesity: Eating disorders continue to garner attention in college, but many students are troubled by theother end of the spectrum  ± obesity. Today, more than 30 percent of college students are consideredobese or overweight by the American College Health Associations standards. A combination of unhealthydiets, limited physical activity and poor lifestyle choices has caused many college students to becomeobese or overweight. 7. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): We hear a great deal about the amount of studentsabusing Adderall and other psychostimulant medications in non-medical ways, but there is a growingnumber of college students being tested and diagnosed with ADHD, as well. The growing number of diagnoses can be attributed to several reasons, including the pressures of college studies, poor academic

Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated?

Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated? Definition According to the Oxford dictionary, ‘Women’s Rights are the rights that promote a position of social and legal equality, of women to men. According to the Oxford dictionary, ‘they are the rights, claimed for the women, equal to those of men, as regards to suffrage that right to vote, as regards to property, etc. ‘Modernizing according to the Oxford dictionary means, ‘to make modern, to adapt to modern needs or habits And according to the Webster’s dictionary it means ‘to make modern, or to give a new character or appearance – e. . , to modernize ones ideas In short, modernizing is a process of updating or opting for the betterment of the present status itself – It is not the present modern status itself. Can we modernize ourselves, to master our problems, and to realize a new way of life, for the whole human race? I am not concerned about the modern ideas, the conclusions and the categorical statements made by scientists and inexperienced armchair experts, as how a life should be lived by a woman. I am going to base my conclusions and considerations on truth, which can be proved by experience. Experience and unbiased factual holistic analysis, are the sure test, between the gold of truth, and the glitter of theory. We have to check our thinking against reality, otherwise many a times, our mental process will go astray – Indeed the great brains of one time, believed that the world was flat. Women Rights in the West If we agree with the ‘Women’s rights in Islam as portrayed by the Western media, you have no option, but to agree that the ‘Women’s rights in Islam are outdated. The Western talk of women’s liberation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honor and degradation of her soul. The Western society which speaks of upgrading the status of women in Islam, have actually reduced her status to concubines, to mistresses, to society butterflies, which are mere tools in the hands of sex marketers and pleasure seekers, which are disguised behind the colorful screen of art and culture. Women Rights in Islam Islam’s radical revolutionary support, gave women their due right and status n the days of ignorance 1,400 years ago. Islam’s objective was and continues to be, to modernize our thinking, our living, our seeing, our hearing, our feeling and striving for the women’s upliftment and emancipation in the society. Before I dwell further with the topic, I would like you to make note of a few points. †¢Approximately one fifth of the world’s population consists of Muslims. There are dif ferent Muslim societies – Some may be close to Islam, some may be far away from Islam. The ‘Women’s rights in Islam should judge according to the authentic sources, and not what individual Muslims do, or what the Muslim society does. †¢The authentic sources of Islam are the Qur’an, which is the word of God, and the authentic Sunnah, and the traditions of our beloved Prophet (peace be upon him). †¢Qur’an will never contradict itself, nor will the authentic Hadith contradict itself neither will these two authentic sources, contradict each other. †¢Sometimes the scholars differ, and many a times, these differences can be removed by analyzing the Qur’an as a whole, and not just by quoting one particular Verse. Because if one particular verse of the Qur’an is ambiguous many a times the answer is given somewhere else in the Qur’an – Some people quote one source and neglect all the other sources. †¢It is the duty of every Muslim, male or female, to seek the pleasure of God, and to act as His trustee on this world, and not to try and gain fame or satisfy one’s own ego. Islam believes in equality of men and women Equality does not mean ‘identicality In Islam, the role of a man and woman is complimentary, it is not conflicting. It is that of a partnership, it is not contradictory, so as to strive for supremacy. Where ‘Women’s rights in Islam is concerned, I have divided it into 6 broad categories. Six Categories of Women Rights in Islam The first are ‘the Spiritual rights second are ‘the Economical rights third are ‘the Social rights fourth are ‘the Educational rights fifth are ‘the Legal rights and last are ‘the Political rights. Sex is Not the Criteria to Enter Paradise: The greatest misconception that the West has about Islam, is that they think ‘Paradise in Islam, is only meant for the male – it is not meant for the female This misconception can be removed by quoting from Surah Nisa, Ch. No. , Verse No 124, which says, ‘If any of you do deeds of righteousness, whether it be male or a female and has faith, they shall surely enter Paradise and not the least injustice shall be done to them. A similar thing is repeated in Surah Nahl, Ch. 16, Verse No. 97 which says ‘If any of you perform good deeds, be it a man or a w oman and is a believer, We shall give you good life and We should reward you for all your good works. Just because in Islam, sex is not the criteria to enter Paradise, will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? A. Spiritual Rights of Women in Islam Another misconception is that, which the Western media has, that, ‘The woman has no soul. In fact, it was in the seventeenth century, when the Council of wise men, when they gathered at Rome, and they unanimously agreed that the woman had no soul. In Islam, man and woman have the same spiritual nature. It is mentioned in Quran, Ch. 4, Verse No. 1, which says that, ‘O humankind reverence your Guardian Lord, who has created you from a single person and created like nature his mate. A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Nahl, Ch. 16, Verse No. 72, which says that, ‘We have made for you companions and mates of your own nature. In Surah Al-Shura, Ch. 42, Verse No. 11, it says, ‘He is the one who has created the heavens and the earth and has made for you pairs from among yourselves. Just because the spiritual nature of a man and woman is the same in Islam, will you call such rights in Islam, as modernizing or outdated? The Qur’an clearly mentions that, ‘God has breathed somewhat of His spirit into the human beings. If you read Surah Hijr, Ch. 15, Verse No. 29, it says, ‘When I have fashioned you in due proportion and have breathed into you something of my spirit, fall you down in obeisance. A similar thing is repeated in the Qur’an, in Surah Sajdah, Ch. 2, Verse No. 9, which says, ‘Then He fashioned him and breathed into him of His Spirit†¦ Here, when God refers to as ‘Something of My Spirit, is breathed into the human beings? E- it does not mean, a sort of incarnation or a pantheistic form. It means that Allah has given to every human being something of His s piritual Nature, and the Knowledge of God Almighty, and coming closer towards Him. Here it refers to both Adam and Eve (may peace be upon them) – Both were breathed something of God's Spirit. Again we read in the Qur’an, that Allah has appointed the human being as His vicegerent, s His trustee, as is mentioned in Surah Isra, Ch. 17, Verse No. 70, which says, ‘We have honoured the children of Adam and bestowed on them special favours? E Note, here all the children of Adam have been honoured, male as well as female. There are some Religious scriptures, for example the Bible, which puts the blame on Eve for the downfall of humanity. In fact if you read the Qur’an in Surah Araf, Ch. 7, Verse No. 19 to 27, Adam and Eve (may peace be upon them both) are addressed, more than a dozen of times. Both disobeyed God, both asked for forgiveness, both repented, and both were forgiven. In the Bible, if you read Genesis, Ch. 3, only Eve is held responsible (May peace be upon her) for the downfall of humanity. And according to the doctrine of ‘Original Sin? E because of Eve (may peace be upon her) the whole of humanity is born in sin. Does Pregnancy Uplift the Women or Degrade? If you read the Bible in Genesis, Ch. 3, Verse No. 16, it says that, ‘To the woman He (God) said, â€Å"I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing; in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you. ‘ That means, pregnancy and child birth has been said in the Bible to degrade the women and the labor pain is a sort of punishment. In fact if you read the Qur’an, pregnancy and child birth have uplifted the women. If you read Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 1, it says, ‘Respect the womb that bore you Its mentioned in Surah Luqman, Ch. 31, Verse No. 14, it says, ‘We have enjoined on the human being to be kind to the parents, in travail upon travail did their mother bore them and in years twain was their weaning. A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Ahqaf, Ch. 46, Verse No. 5, it again repeats, which says, ‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. To be kind to the parents – in pain did their mother bore them, and in pain did she give them birth – Pregnancy in the Qur’an has uplifted the women not degraded her. Just because pregnancy has uplifted the women in Islam will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Criteria in the Sight of God to Judge Male and Female: The only criteria for judgment in the sight of Allah is ‘Taqwa ‘God consciousness or ‘righteousness It is mentioned in Surah Hujurat, Ch. 49, Verse No. 3 ‘O humankind, We have created you from a single pair of male and female and have divided you into nations and tribes, so that you shall recognize each other not that you desp ise each other and the most honored in the sight of God, is the one who is the most righteous. Sex, color, caste, wealth has got no criteria in Islam – The only criteria in the sight of God is ‘righteousness neither is sex the criteria for God to reward or to punish a person. If you read Surah Imran Ch. 3 Verse No. 195 it says ‘I will never suffer the loss of any of you, be it male or female, you are companions unto each other. Equal Moral Duties for Men and Women: I had started my talk by quoting a verse from the Qur’an from Surah Al Ahzab, Ch. 33, Verse No. 35, which says, ‘For Muslim men and Muslim women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast and deny themselves, for men and women who guard their chastity, for men and women who engage much in God's praise, God has prepared for them forgiveness and a vast reward. This verse indicates that the spiritual duties, the moral duties, for the men and women in Islam are the same – Both have to believe, both have to pray, both have to fast, both have to give in charity, etc, etc. But the women has been given certain concession in Islam. If she is undergoing her menstrual period or pregnancy, she does not have to fast – She can keep those fasts later on, when she is more healthy. During the menstrual period and during the postnatal period, she needs not pray also – she has been given the concession, and neither does she have to compensate it later on. Just because the moral duties of the men and women are equal in Islam will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? B. Economical Rights to the Women Islam gave economical rights to the women 1,300 years before the West. An adult Muslim woman can own, she can dispose or disown any of her property without consulting any one, irrespective whether she is married or she is single. In 1870, it was the first time in England, that the West recognized the rights of the married woman, where she was allowed to own or dispose any of her property without consultation. I do agree that the women were given their economical rights 1300 years ago – these are ancient rights – but the question is ? E‘are they modernizing or outdated Enbsp; Women on Job: A women in Islam, if she wishes to work she can work – There is no text in the Qur’an or the authentic Hadith which prevents or makes it prohibited for a woman to do any work, as long as it is not unlawful, as long as it is within the preview of the Islamic Shariah, as long as she maintains her Islamic dress code. But natural, she cannot take up jobs, which exhibit her beauty and body – Like for example, modeling and film acting, and such kind of jobs. Many of the professions and jobs which are prohibited for the woman are also prohibited for the man, for example serving alcohol, working in gambling dens, doing any unethical or dishonest business. All these jobs are prohibited for both men and women. A true Islamic society requires women to take up profession such as doctors. We do require female Gynecologists, we do require female nurses, we do require female teachers. But, a woman in Islam has got no financial obligations – The financial obligation is laid on the shoulders of the man in the family – Therefore she need not work for her livelihood. But in genuine cases, where there are financial crisis in which both the ends do not meet, she has the option of working. Here too, no one can force her to work – She works out of her own, absolute free will. Financial Security for Women: A woman in Islam has been given more financial security, as compared to the man. As I told you earlier, the financial obligation is not put on her shoulder – It is put on the shoulder of the man in the family. It is the duty of the father or the brother, before she is married and the duty of the husband or the son, after she is married to look after her lodging, boarding, clothing and financial aspects of her. Compulsory Marital Gift for a Woman: When she gets married, she is on the receiving end. She receives a gift – she receives a dower or a marital gift, which is called as ‘Meher? E And it is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4 Verse No. 4 which says, ‘Give to the woman in dower, a marital gift? E For a marriage to solemnize in Islam, ‘Meher? Eis compulsory. But unfortunately in our Muslim society here, we just keep a nominal ‘Meher? Eto satisfy the Qur’an, say 151 Rupees, or some people give 786 Rupees and they spend lakhs and lakhs of Rupees on the reception, on the decoration, on the flowers, on the lunch parties, on the dinner parties. In Islam, there is no lower-limit, nor is there an upper limit for ‘Meher? E- But when a person can spend lakhs of Rupees on the reception, surely the ‘Meher ? Eshould be much more. There are various cultures which have crept into the Muslim societies, specially in the Indo-Pak area. They give a small amount of ‘Meher? Eand they expect the wife to give a fridge, to give a T. V set, they expect the wife to give an apartment, to give a car, etc. , and a large sum of dowry, depending upon the status of the husband. If he is a graduate, they may expect 1 lakh – If he is an engineer they may expect 3 lakhs – If he is a doctor they may expect 5 lakhs. Demanding dowry from the wife, directly or indirectly is prohibited in Islam. If the parents of the girl give the girl something out of their own free will, it is accepted – But demanding or forcing directly or indirectly, it is prohibited in Islam. No Financial Liabilities: If a Woman works, which she does not have to – whatever earning she gets, it is absolutely her property. She need not spend on the household – if she wants to spend it is her free will. Irrespective how rich the wife is, it is the duty of the husband to give lodging, boarding, clothing and look after the financial aspects of the wife. In case of divorce or if a wife gets widowed, she is given financial support for the period of ‘Iddah? E- and if she has children, she is also given child support. Right to Inherit: Islam gave the right to the women to inherit, centuries ago. If you read the Qur’an – in several verses, in Surah Nisa, in Surah Baqarah and in Surah Maidah, it is mentioned that a woman, irrespective she is a wife or she is a mother, or a sister, or a daughter, she has a right to inherit. And it has been fixed by God Almighty in the Qur’an. C. Social Rights of Women in Islam Broadly it can be categorized into four sub-headings. Social rights given to a daughter, to a wife, to a mother and to a sister. Social Rights to a Daughter: Islam prohibits, female infanticide. The killing of female children is forbidden in Islam. It is mentioned in Surah Taqveem, Ch. 81, Verse No. 8 and 9, ‘when the female child is buried alive and when she questions you, for what crime was she killed? E Not only female infanticide has been prohibited, all sorts of infanticides has been prohibited in Islam, whether it be a male child or a female child. It is mention in the Qur’an in Surah A’nam Ch. 6, Verse No. 151 that, ‘Kill not your children for want of sustenance for it is God that will provide sustenance for you and for children? E A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Isra, Ch. 17 Verse No. 31 which says? E‘Kill not your children for want of sustenance, for it is God that will provide sustenance to you and your children, for killing of children is a major sin? E In the pre-Islamic Arabia, whenever a female child was born mostly she was buried alive. Alhamdullillah, after the spread of Islam this evil practice has been discontinued. But unfortunately it still continues in India – According to a BBC report, in the programe assignment the title of which was ‘Let Her Die? E there was a British reporter by the name of Emily Beckenen, who came all the way from Britain to India to give us the statistics of the female infanticide. In that programe, it gives the statistics, that every day more than 3,000 fetuses are being aborted on being identified that they are females. If you multiply this figure by the number of days, that is multiplied by 365, you get a figure of more than one million female fetuses are being aborted every year in our country. And there are big hoarding and posters in states like Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan, which says spend 500 Rupees and save 5 lakh Rupees. What does it mean? – That spend Rupees 500 on medical examination like Aminocententus or Ultra Sonography, and identify the gender of child. If it is a female you can abort it and you’ll save 5 lakh Rupees – How? The couple of lakhs you spend on upbringing her and the remaining lakhs of Rupees you spend on giving dowry to the man who will marry her (a custom in India). According to the report of the Government Hospital of Tamil Nadu ? E‘out of every 10 female children that are born, four are put to death? E- No wonder the female population in India is less than the male population. Female infanticide was continuing in India since centuries – If you analyze the statistics of the 1901 census, for every 1000 males there were 972 females. According to the 1981 statistics and census, it tells you for every 1000 males you have 934 females. And the latest statistics of 1991 tells you that for every 1000 males you have 927 females. You can analyze that the female ratio is dropping every year – And since science and medicine has advanced, it has helped in this evil practice. Just because Islam tells you that you should not kill any children whether it be male or female will you call these rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Qur’an not only prohibits female infanticide, it rebukes at the thought of you rejoicing at the birth of a male child and getting saddened at the birth of a female child. In Islam, a daughter should be brought up correctly. In Islam, there should be no partiality in upbringing of the daughter or the son. According to a Hadith, ‘In the presence of the Prophet Muhammad, once a man kissed his son and placed him on his lap but did not do the same to his daughter. The Prophet immediately objected and said that you are unjust – You should have even kissed your daughter and placed her on the other lap? E Social Rights to Wife: All the previous civilizations, they have considered the women to be an ‘instrument of the devil? E The Qur’an refers to the women as ‘Mohsana? E that is a ‘fortress against the devil? E And if a woman, who’s good, marries a man, she prevents him from going on the wrong path. There’s a Hadith in which Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) he said that, ‘there is no monasticism in Islam? E. And again according to Sahih Bukhari, Volume No. 7, Ch. No. Hadith No 4 it says that ‘the Prophet Muhammad ordained the young men, all those who have the means to marry, they should marry – For it will help them to guard their gaze and guard their modesty. The Qur’an say’s that, ‘We have put love into the hearts of the husband and wife? E If you read Sura h Rum, Ch. 30, Verse No. 21 it says that, ‘And amongst our signs We have created for you mates or companions, so that you may dwell in them in tranquillity and we have put love and mercy between your hearts? E According to Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 21, marriage is considered as a strong agreement, a strong contract. According to Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 19, it says, ‘You are prohibited to inherit women against their will? E- Means, to marry the permission of both the parties are required. It is compulsory that the man and women both should agree to marry. No one – not even the father can force their daughter to marry against her wishes. There’s a Hadith in Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 69, which says ‘that a lady she was forced by her father to marry against her wishes? E- And she went to the Prophet and the Prophet invalidated the marriage? E Another Hadith in Ibn-e-Humbal, Hadith No. 469, it says ‘that a daughter was forced by her father to get married – And when the daughter approached the Prophet, the Prophet said you can either continue, or if you wish you can invalidate the marriage. That means, the consent of both the male and the female is required. In Islam, a women is considered as a homemaker – She is not considered as a hou sewife, because she is not married to the house. Many people use terminology, without understanding what it means ? E‘Housewife? Emeans ‘you are the wife of the house? E So I believe, from now onwards the sisters would prefer calling themselves ‘homemakers? E than ‘house wives? E if they are occupied more in the home. In Islam, a woman, she is not married to a master that she should be treated like a slave – She is married to it is equal. And there is a Hadith which says in Ibn-Hambal – Hadith No 736, 7396. It says that, ‘the most perfect of the believers are those that are best in character and behavior, and those that are best to their family and their wives? E Islam gives equal rights to the man and woman. Qur’an clearly mentions that men and women, husband and wife have equal rights in all aspects, except leadership in the family. It is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Baqarah Ch. 2, Verse No. 228. It says that, ? E.. the women have been given rights similar against them (men) on equitable terms but the men have a degree higher†¦? E Most of the Muslims have misunderstood this verse, when it says ‘a men have a degree higher? E- As I said we should analyze the Qur’an as a whole. And its mentioned in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 34 which says, ‘The men are the protectors and maintainers of the women, for God has given one of them more strength than the other and they give them their means? E People say the word ‘Kawwam? E means, ‘one degree higher in superiority? E- But actually the word ‘Kawwam? Ecomes from the root word ‘Ikamah? E ‘Ikamah? Emeans for example ‘when you give the Ikamah before prayers – You stand up? E So ‘Ikamah? Emeans to standup – so the word ‘Kawwam? Emeans one degree higher in responsibility, not one degree higher in superiority. Even if you read the commentary of ‘Ibne-Kathir? E- He says that the word ‘Kawwam? Emeans one degree higher in responsibility, not one degree higher in superiority. And this responsibility, should be carried out by mutual consent of both husband and wife. It is mentioned in Surah Baqarah, Ch. 2, Verse No. 187, which says, Which means? E‘Your wives are your garments, and you are their garments? E What’s the objective of garments – It is used to conceal and to beautify. The husband and wife, should conceal each others faults, and they should beautify each other – Its a relationship of hands and gloves. The Qur’an mentions that, ‘even if you do not like your wife, you should treat her kindly? E It is mentioned in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 19, that, ? E.. consort with them (your wives) in kindness, for if you hate them it may happen that you hate a thing wherein God has placed much good. Even if you dislike your wife you have to treat her kindly and with equity Just because the rights of a wife are equal to those of the husband in Islam, will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Social Rights to a Mother: The only thing above respect to Mother, is the worship of God – It is mentioned in: Ch. 17, Verse No. 28-29, It says that? E‘God has ordained for you, that you worship none but Him, and to be kind to your parents. And if any one or both of them reach old age do not say a word of contempt or repel them but address them with honour, and speak to them with kindness, and lower your wing of humility and pray to God – ‘My Lord! bless them as they have cherished me in childhood? E Surah Nisa, Ch. No. 4, Verse No. 1 says, ‘Respect the womb that bore you? E Surah A’nam, Ch. 6, Verse No. 151, says that, ‘You have to be kind to your parents? E Surah Luqman Ch. 31, Verse No. 14, says that, ‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. In travail upon travail, did their mother bore them and in years twain was their weaning? E A similar thing is repeated again in Surah Ahqaf, Ch. 46, Verse No. 15, that? E‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. In pain did their mother bore them and in pain did she give them birth? E Another Hadith related in Sahih Bukhari in Volume 8, Ch. No. 2 Hadith No. 2, as well as in Sahih-Muslim – It says that a man asked the Prophet Muhammad? E‘Who requires the maximum love and respect and my companionship in this world? The Prophet replied ? E‘your mother? Ebr> ‘Who is next? E ? E‘your mother? Enbsp; ‘Who is next E? E‘your mother? Enbsp; The man asked for the fourth time, – ‘Who is next? Enbsp; The Prophet replied ‘your father? E So 75% of the love and respect goes to the mother and 25% of the love and respect goes to the father. Three fourth of the better part of the love and respect goes to the mother ? EOne fourth of the remaining part of the love and respect goes to the father. Social Rights to a Sister: According to Surah Tawbah, Ch. 9, Verse No. 71, it says that, ‘The men and the women they are friends of each other? E Prophet Muhammed (may peace be upon him) he said, ‘The women are the ‘Shakat? E-‘Shakat? Emeans sister? E D. Educational Rights to a Woman The first 5 verses which were revealed in the Qur’an were from Surah Alaq, or Surah Iqra, Verse No. 1 to 5 which says: ‘Read, recite or proclaim in the name of your Lord, Who has created the human beings from a congealed clot of blood (a leech like substance). Read, your Lord is most bountiful. Who has taught the use of the pen. Who has taught the human beings that which he knew-not? E The first guidance given in the Qur’an to the humankind was not to pray, was not to fast, was not to give charity – It was read – Islam pays utmost importance to education. Education is Compulsory in Islam: According to Quran: †¢God will exalt those of you who believe and those who are given knowledge to high degrees. (58:11) †¢And say, O my Lord! increase me in knowledge. (20:114) †¢And whoever is is given knowledge is given indeed abundant wealth. (2:269) According to a saying of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) â€Å"It is obligatory for every Muslim, male or female, to acquire knowledge (Al-Bayhaqi). Imagine, 1400 years ago, when the women were ill treated and were only used as property, Islam asked the women to be educated. Because Islam tells that every woman should be educated, – Will you call such women’s right’s in Islam as modernizing or outdated? E. Legal Rights to a Woman According to the Islamic law, men and women are equal – The Islamic Law protects the life and property of a man and woman both. If a man murders a woman he too will receive the capital punishment of ‘Kisaas? E According to the Islamic law of ‘Kisaas? E men and women – irrespective the injury be of the eye, of the nose, of the ear, of the body – both receive equal punishment. And if the guardian of the murderer, even it be a woman – If she says, that forgive the murderer and she accepts ‘Dia? E that is compensation – her opinion cannot be rejected – they have to accept it. And if there’s difference of opinion between the relatives of the person whose murdered – And some say that the murderer should be killed and some say that he should be forgiven and ‘Dia? Enbsp; should be accepted – people should prevent the relatives from killing that murderer. And irrespective whether the witness or the opinion is given by a man or woman, it has same weight. According to Surah Maida, Ch. , Verse No. 30 – It says? E‘As to the thief, whether he be man or a woman, cut off his or her hand as a punishment for his crime, an example from God? E Means, if a person robs, irrespective whether he is a man or a woman his or her hands should be chopped – The punishment is the same. According to Surah Nur, Ch . 24, Verse No. 2, it says ‘If any commits fornication, be it a man or a woman, flog them with 100 stripes? E The punishment for fornication in Islam irrespective whether it is a man or a woman, it is the same – Flogging with 100 stripes. The punishment for men and women, is the same in Islam. In Islam a woman is allowed to give witness Imagine, Islam gave right to a woman to be a witness, 14 centuries ago. Even now in as late as 1980, the Jewish Rabai, they were considering that whether the women should be given a right to act as a witness or not – And Islam gave that right 1400 years ago. Accord ¬ing to Surah Nur, Ch. 24, Verse No. 4, it is said ‘If any of you put a charge against the chastity of a woman, produce 4 witnesses, and if they falter, flog them with 80 stripes? E In Islam for a small crime, you require 2 witness – for a big crime you require 4 witnesses. Accusing a woman falsely is a big crime in Islam, therefore you require 4 witnesses. Now a days you see in the modern society, you find men abusing women and calling them all sorts of name. They call them prostitutes etc, and nothing is done. In an Islamic state, if a man calls her a ‘prostitute? Ein public or anywhere else, and if she takes that man to court – And if that man cannot produce 4 witnesses or even if he produces 4 witnesses and any one of them falter, all of them will receive 80 lashes each, and in future all their evidence will be rejected. Islam gives utmost importance to the chastity of the woman. When a lady marries, she normally adopts the name of her husband. In Islam she has the option of either keeping her husband’s name, either adopting the name of the husband, or maintaining her maiden name. And maintaining the maiden name is recommended in Islam – And we find in several Muslim societies that women, even after they get married they maintain their maiden name, because according to the Islamic law men and women are equal. Will you call such rights in Islam modernizing or outdated? F. Political Rights of a Woman According to Surah Tawba, Ch. 9, Verse No. 71, ‘The men and the women they are friends (supporters) of each other? E Supporters not only Socially – even Politically ? EPolitically, men and women should support each other. Women can even take part in law making. And according to the famous Hadith in which Hazrat Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), he was discussing with the Sahabas, and considering putting an upper limit on the ‘Meher ? E since young men were discouraged from getting married – a lady from the back seat she objected and said When the Qur’an says in Surah Nisa Ch. , Verse No. 20 that? E ‘you can even give a heap of treasure, a heap of gold in ‘Meher? E when Qur’an puts no limit on ‘Meher? E who is Umar to put a limit (may Allah be pleased with him). And immediately Hazrat Umar (peace be upon him) said? E‘Umar is wrong and the lady is right? E Imagine, she was a common lady – If it would have been a famous lady, the name of the lady would be mentioned in the Hadith. Since the Hadith does not mention the name of the lady, we can understand that the lady was a common lady. Means, even a common lady can object to the ‘Khalifa? E the head of the state. And in technical terms it would be called that ? E‘she is objecting to the breach of the constitution? E- because Qur’an is the constitution of the Muslims – That means a woman can even take part in law making. Women have even taken part in the battle fields There is a full chapter in the Sahih Bukhari mentioning women in the battle field – Women gave water – they give first aid to the soldiers. Because the Qur’an says ‘Man is the protector of the ‘Woman? E Under normal circumstances, the women should not go to the battle field. It is the duty of the man. Only when required, under necessity are women allowed – and they should go to the battle field if they want. Otherwise you’ll have the same position as you are having in the USA. Women in USA are Not Safe In USA women were allowed to join the battle since 1901 but they were not allowed to take active part – They only played the part of a nurse. Later on after the ‘Feminist Movement? Ehad started in 1973, the ‘Feminist movement? Edemand ¬ed ? E‘Why aren’t women allowed to take active part in the battle field E/font> So the American government allowed women to take active part in the battle field. And according to a report of the Defense Department of America, which was released on the 23rd of April, 1993 it said that, ? E0 people were sexually assaulted in a convention, out of which 83 were women and 117 officers were charged with in disciplinary action? E Imagine in one convention only, 83 women sexually assaulted. What was the crime of those 117 officers? They made the women run and they snatched at their clothes. They made them parade absolutely nude without even covering the genital parts. They were made to have sex in public. Is this what you call ‘Women’s rights? E If you think that this is what is ‘Women’s right? E then you can keep your rights to yourselves. We do not want our sisters, our daughters our mothers to be sexually assaulted. And there was a uproar in the parliament and the President, Bill Clinton – he himself had to apologize publicly and he said, ‘Necessary action will be taken? E And you know when politicians say ‘necessary action will be taken, what happens. So Islam allows women to take part in the battle field only when required. But there also they should maintain their Islamic dress and the Islamic ethics, and their modesty. USA Has One of the Highest Rates of Rape United States of America is supposed to be one of the most advanced countries of the world. It also has one of the highest rates of rape in any country in the world. According to a FBI report, in the year 1990, every day on an average 1756 cases of rape were committed in U. S. A alone. Later another report said that on an average everyday 1900 cases of rapes are committed in USA. The year was not mentioned. May be it was 1992 or 1993. May be the Americans got ‘bolder? Ein the following years. Islamic Law Let's Women Breathe Easily Consider a scenario where the Islamic law is implemented in America. Whenever a man looks at a woman and any brazen or unashamed thought comes to his mind, he lowers his gaze. Every woman wears the Islamic dress as mentioned in Quran. After this if any man commits rape he is given capital punishment. I ask you, in such a scenario, will the rate of rape in America increase, will it remain the same, or will it decrease? If Islamic law is implemented in any part of the world, women will breathe easier. Conclusion Before I conclude, I’d like to give an example. As I said in the beginning of my talk, Islam believes in equality between men and women – Equality does not mean identicality. Suppose in a classroom 2 students, student ‘A? Eand ‘B? E during an examination both come out first – Both secure 80% marks – 80 out of 100. When you analyze the question paper, the question paper has 10 differ ¬ent questions, each carrying 10 marks. In question 1 student ‘A? Egot 9 out of 10, and student ‘B? Egot 7 out of 10 – So in question 1 student ‘A? Ewas higher than student ‘B? E In question 2, student ‘A? Egot 7 out of 10 and student ‘B? Egot 9 out of 10 – Student ‘B? Ewas higher than student ‘A? Ein question number 2. In question 3 both of them got 8 out of 10, both were equal. So when we add up the marks of all the ten questions, both student ‘A? Eand ‘B? Egot 80 out of 100. So in short, student ‘A? Eand student ‘B? Eare over all equal. In some questions ‘A? Eis higher than ‘B? E in some questions ‘B? Eis higher than ‘A? E in others both are equal. In the same fashion, taking the example that since God has given man more strength – Suppose a thief enters the house will you tell, ‘I believe in women’s rights – I believe in women’s rights? E – will you tell your mother, your sister and your daughter, to go and fight the thief E No, but natural you’ll fight him – If required they may interfere – Under normal circumstances since God has given you more physical strength, you have to go and tackle the thief. So here, in physical strength, man is one degree higher than the woman Let us take another example where it comes to respecting the parents – The children are supposed to respect the mother 3 times more than the father (as mentioned earlier). Here the women have one degree higher than the men – Over all both equal So Islam believes in equality, not identically – Men and women are over all equal in Islam. This was in brief, the highlights, of ‘the Women’s Rights in Islam? E After this what the Muslim society did is different – Many of the Muslim societies did not give the women their rights and they deviated away from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The Western society is largely responsible for this – because of the Western societies, many Muslim societies have become over protective, over precautions and have gone to one extreme and deviated away from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. On the other extreme, some of the Muslim societies turned to the Western culture, and followed their culture. I want to tell the Western society that if you analyze the women’s rights in Islam according to the Qur’an and the Sunnah – you will realize it is modernizing and not outdated.

Achievements of Heron Alexandria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 146

Achievements of Heron Alexandria - Essay Example Heron Alexandria was a man whose some of his ideas were derived from the work of Greek physicist and inventor Ctesibius. Heron Alexandria was a lecture of mechanics, physics, pneumatics and even mathematics at the Museum, where he presented some of his first official research work into the trans-disciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constants, and possibilities. He was the first engineering to come up with a wind wheel operating machine using wind to extract energy. A force pump also invented by him which is a kind of pump that has a solid piston and valves that are employed to raise a liquid or force it out by mechanical means. The hydraulic machine called Heron’s Fountain which is operated by its energy which is hydrostatic in nature was also invented by the man. He also came up with the formula that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time, which is sometimes taken as a definition of a ray of light. A portion of a solid which is cone or pyramid by chopping the top off a pyramid was also described by Heron Alexandria a method of iteratively or involving repetition, recurrence or repetitiousness for computing the square root which is nowadays known us Heron’s formula for f calculating the area of triangles which sides, relates. Heron Alexandria as an engineer and also a mathematician come up with several formulated method in his book 1, of his treatise Metrica which basically major on areas of triangles, regular polygons of a range of 3 to 12 sides, quadrilaterals, prisms, pyramid, spheres, and other useful shapes in mathematic calculations There is a memorable line in William Shakespeare’s ‘’twelfth night’ ’Methinks this line perfectly describe Heron Alexandria, which fully describes the fact that there is always an inborn ability in some men as contrasts the acquired attributes by others.

Letter of intent - pharmacy residency program Essay

Letter of intent - pharmacy residency program - Essay Example My decision to pursue PGY1 residency program at CSMC stems from the multidisciplinary relationship that exists at the medical center, which is essential in allowing healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in patient care and management. As PGY1 resident, I believe that rotation opportunities and exposure to general hospital practice, teaching faculty and other challenges will enhance my skills and shape my skills in these areas. Consequently, I believe that my tenure at CSMC will open new opportunities for me in the future. Most important, I hope to gain considerable skills as a pharmacist, which would enable me to deliver critical services in areas of my interests such as infectious disease, critical care, and transplant pharmacy. While taking my clinical rotations at CSMC, I gained immense experience from working with pharmacists and physicians as it took part in developing appropriate therapeutic interventions. In particular, I learned how to tailor and optimize clinical therapies and minimize adverse effects of selected drugs on patients. Moreover, I took part in the delivery of more than 60 interventions. As result, I developed an intense passion and appreciation of pharmacy and the role of pharmaceutical care on patients. These experiences, I believe, will bolster my learning during my PGY1 residency program. Ultimately, I see myself honing my patient-specific skills not my to mentioning perfecting my decision making process. Considerable skills, attributes, and values strengthen my suitability for the PGY1 residency program. Firstly, I am many fundamental skills, which would allow me learn quickly and conceptualize new concepts in the program. Secondly, my time management skill, work ethics, and passion for pharmaceutical care stand to establish me as one of the leading students in the residency program. Given that CSMC is a leading teaching

The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith Essay

The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith - Essay Example One of the essential ideas in â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† is the division of labour. According to Smith, the division of labour occurs due to the increase in production rather than any other factor. The division of labour, however, can only be beneficial if a nation has more industry in place. The book argues that agriculture does not produce a larger division of labour as compared to industry. According to Smith, the division of labor arises not from the innate wisdom of the masses, but due to a human tendency to barter. Smith, therefore, argues that the reasons for the specialization are due to the differences in natural talent rather than any other factor. The book also discusses the limitations of the division of labour and indicates that the division of labour is actually limited by the extent of the market. The overall limited opportunities in the market actually result into the lack of labour specialization. If a market can be expanded, the specialization of labour can further occur, and the society can benefit from more skilled workers. In 1778, Smith was appointed the Commissioner to the Customs. This experience sharpened his understanding of trading and of the manner how exchange actually took place between two parties. He designed and developed policies and methods to curb smuggling so that overall revenues could be increased. He remained single during his entire life and died in Edinburgh on July 19, 1790 (Smith, 1761 a). He was a ruthless advocate of individualism, and his interests ranged from natural theology, ethics, and jurisprudence, to economics, which may explain the cause as to why he wrote â€Å"The Theory of Moral Sentiments† (Smith, 1761 a). He denied self-love as a principle which could never be virtuous. He thought that sympathy and self-interest were complementary. He once expressed that it was not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that a worker could expect dinner, however, in fact, each ag ent worked in their own self-interest (Smith, 1761 a). He also discussed the concept of money and how various commodities were used as money. He reviewed the origins of money and how different nations actually used it in order to create a medium for exchange. He also speculated how metals were used as money and how nations actually invented new methods of developing money with the purpose of creating an exchange value. Further, he also discussed nominal prices for commodities as well as prices for labour. He also outlined how prices were actually determined and what were some of their components. Smith was in favour of labour and indicated that labour was the means by which an individual earned wages in a competitive market; a labourer must produce something others valued to earn (Smith, 1761 a). â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† reveals that nature and causes of the nation’s prosperity come from the increasing of the labour division to systematize its production (Smith, 17 61 a). Smith professed that individual would invest resources, e.g. land and labour, to earn the highest possible return of investment, but it must yield to the equal rate of return (Smith, 1977 b). For classical economists this was the core of Smith’s proposition of economic theory. Smith advocated equality of returns to explain the differences of salaries based on the knowledge, skills,

Political Rhetoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Political Rhetoric - Essay Example The Institute is a think-thank which offers its expertise and research to progressives to help the latter understand and learn how to communicate effectively their messages across. 1 Lakoff’s contribution to political rhetoric is his study of metaphors in relation to political discourse. Lakoff asserts that metaphors are not merely occasional figures of speech but is a cognitive phenomenon implying that language in itself is metaphorical. The ability to create metaphors is made possible by the use of a source domain as a reference to a target domain using areas of experience or semantic frames. Thus the metaphor war on terror and others like it coined to refer to the 9/11 incident was drawn from the war frame idea signifying a relentless battle against an enemy. 2 The function of metaphors in political rhetoric, according to Lakoff, is that they determine how people perceive phenomena and hence, how they act. Metaphors likewise act to highlight a particular aspect of a phenomenon whilst concealing some other aspects. In addition, Lakoff theorises that the processes of thinking are structured metaphorically which is turn is reflected by speech but when met aphors are used intentionally, they become debatable. 3 Murray Edelman (1919-2001) was a multi-awarded professor who taught at the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin until his death in 2001. He initially focused his attention in the field of labour-management relations but eventually turned to the subject of symbolic politics and the subjective part of politics and power, which would pre-occupy him in the next forty years of his life. Some of his works are: The Symbolic Uses of Politics in 1964; Politics as a Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence in 1971; Political Language: Words that Succeed and Politics that Fail in 1977; Constructing the Political Spectacle in 1995, and; The Politics of Misinformation in 2001. 4 Edelman’s books were seen as major

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Business Ethics - Essay Example principles and values that determine decision making and right or wrong of contextual issues related to business or profession in accordance with ethical problems such as issues relating to human rights, privacy, discrimination, sexual and other types of harassment, performance evaluation, hiring, firing, safety, security, etc. Immanuel Kant’s principles to explain theory of ethics of duties strongly advise three aspects of ethics: consistency, which everyone else also should follow and can achieve; human dignity, which every individual deserves under every situation; and universality, for all actions and human beings should be acceptable by all (Crane, A & Matten, D; 2007). Ethical problems of sexual and physical abuse have been troubling our communities for many centuries. Even today evidences of child abuse and sexual violence against women are prevalent among all groups and levels of people. A recent lawsuit was filed against a popular African-American preacher for molesting a 15-year old girl and sending lewd text messages to another girl. Many such charges were levied against him in the past too (Allen, B; 2009, 21 May). This depicts the disadvantaged status of the female gender even now. This kind of horrifying violence, systematic discrimination and human right abuses leave damaging effects on the society such as physical trauma, emotional trauma, low self-esteem, and psychological disturbances. Professionally, such behavior causes undesirable violation of code of conduct. Unsafe working conditions pose high risk for health problems and hazardous events. One such violation was reported by an army employee at Lockheed Martin plant who suffered injuries as a result of exposure to toxic chemicals. His appeal for justice at the California Supreme Court did not help as four out of seven justices were stake holders in this oil company (Editorial board; 16 Jan 2008). These health problems could lead to changes in human genetic systems that may

Why has it become necessary to ask moral (ethical) questions in the Essay

Why has it become necessary to ask moral (ethical) questions in the present global economic conditions - Essay Example This is attributable to the fact that when making business decisions, managers have to take into account the views and beliefs on the working of the world and the social consequences of development, with particular significance in developing countries. Companies are not merely faced with issues about the morality of their actions and practices but also have to consider the impact of the actions on the reputation, legal exposures and competition amongst other aspects (Feigenbaum). Businesses are faced with moral quandaries from various levels of organizational decisions. The wage and labour conditions are critical factors in the economic growth of the company. Businesses that have maintained high standards of worker conditions and have paid the workers well are met with challenges in maintaining the same standards when they expand. For the long-term profitability of business ventures and continuing profitability, managers need to consider the impact of the business on the local workfo rce. Ethical issues may arise on the grounds of discrimination, rights of the workers and their tasks. Businesses are also starting to give more importance to the effects of their activities on the environment in particular reference to the pace and effects of economic globalization (Panayotou 2000). As public awareness rises and there is increasing pressure for social corporate responsibility, businesses who fail to comply with the standards for environmental sustainability are meeting grave consequences in national and international media. Business decisions also have political implications, with differing opinions amongst theorists on the effects of business on the political and economic framework of the country (Feigenbaum). This paper looks into the moral issues of a corporation and seeks to analyse them using moral frameworks including the social contract model and deontology. The Moral Problem: Enron Ethics is defined as the art of guiding the actions of men towards the produ ction of the maximum degree of happiness (Bentham 1823). People who run the business or an organization are responsible for conducting the business in a way that is yields the maximum benefits to not only the company but also the employees and the stakeholders. The ethical practices of Enron became a high-profile ethical scandal because the executives at the company did not give any regard to the interests of the employees and the stakeholders. The unethical practices of the executives of the company led to the company going bankrupt, with all of the shareholders losing their money and the employees being deprived of their jobs. Kenneth Lay, former Enron CEO, and Jeffery Skilling were involved in unethical activities that led to the fall of the entire company. The Executives were involved in manipulating the financial statements of the company (Collins 2006). Amongst other ethical issues, one issue also was whether it was ethical of the women, who took the case to the media, to whis tleblow on the Executives (Kinicki & Kreitner 2009). The Enron crisis gave rise to the â€Å"infallibility of the capitalistic economic system† (Conrad 2010). Analysing the Moral Problem According to a business ethicist, Manuel Velasquez, the reasons for ethical shortcomings of Enron can largely grouped into personal, organizational and systemic causes. Personal causes tend to explain the intent behind the actions that the executives took. The executives appeared greedy and interested in increasing their personal wealth. They did not give any consideration to the ethical implications of their actions and their actions represented a lack of compassion to the employees and the stakeholders (Santa Clara University 2010). When analysing their actions from a moral

European Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Business - Research Paper Example A major reduction in demand in the largest market of EU, Germany, was the main reason for export reduction in countries like France, Italy and UK which are its main export partners for automobiles. The following figure shows that the proportion of companies exporting in the EU countries in 2006 had substantially declined over the 1997 period. The situation worsened post financial crisis of 2008 following which countries like Ireland, Greece and Turkey suffered deep economic downturn. The tourism industry also suffered immensely on account of the financial crisis of 2008. All the 27 members of the EU block suffered both resident and non-resident night spends decline since 2008 (Leviev-Sawyer 2010). With the exception of Sweden which saw a positive 0.1% increase in night spend, there was up to 23.3% reduction in member countries like Latvia (Leviev-Sawyer 2010). Another notable feature was that non-residents formed only 44% of nights spent in hotels and residents formed 56% of the nigh t occupancy in 2009 across all the EU member countries. This shows that the proportion of tourist movement across the member countries was much lower as compared to the internal tourist night spends. Thus, the present crisis had a major negative impact on cross border tourism industry within the member countries. ... ows the following pattern (Luff 2008): UK stands at the sixth position in the list of countries which had investments in Turkey between 2002 and 2007 (Luff 2008). If we look at the number of companies of British origin which have invested in Turkey, we can see a substantial rise since 2002. The following figure shows the pattern of investment (Luff 2008). All the major British companies like Tesco, Vodafone, HSBC, Shell, Imperial Tobacco and BP have their investments here. The following chart shows the top 5 FDI inflows into Turkey in 2006 (Luff 2008). The top 3 companies are from the EU member countries and have invested in telecom and banking sectors. This is mainly because of the opening up of these sectors by the Turkish government. Another industry which has substantial impact for the EU member countries is the outsourcing industry. Poland experienced the largest inflow of outsourcing business during the period 1995 to 2002 (Lorentowicz, Marin and Raubold 2005). Austria was the next in line. The following table shows the FDI patterns of Austria and Poland during the various periods. The pattern shows that Austria has substantially increased its investments in new member countries like Hungary, Poland, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria while investments into UK have decreased over the previous decades. If we look at Poland’s inflows, we can see that France, Germany and Netherlands accounts for around 51% of the FDI (Lorentowicz, Marin and Raubold 2005). This shows that Poland is a favorite destination for these countries for outsourcing businesses mainly because of the availability of low cost and highly skilled work force. The major drivers of outsourcing business to these new member countries are low labor costs and cultural affinity of these countries to the

Rhetorical analysis assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical analysis assignment - Essay Example Thereby this essay intends to use the basics of rhetorical analysis to analyze and interpret the article The Gun that killed my Sister published in the opinion section of Politico. The author Elvin Daniel commands an intimate relationship with the content of the article as his sister was killed in the October 2012 Brookfield, Wisconsin spa shooting, thereby the approach of Elvin in the given article happens to be emotive and personal. This article intends to bring to fore one of the salient politico-social issues that have raked in much controversy in the America political and social circles, which is Gun Control. The author does not preach a tough or staunch stance towards the issue of gun control, but rather tends to extend a reasonable and emotive plea to the readers that the online sale of guns ought to come within the legal purview of background checks. The overall approach of the author towards gun control is sane and logical as he mentions that, â€Å"I’ve seen how dev astating Gun violence can be (Elvin 1).† Irrespective of the fact that the author in a way happens to be the firsthand victim of gun violence, as his sister got shot by her husband with a gun procured online and without succumbing to any background checks, the reason extended by the author is also based on facts and commonsense. The author believes that the online sale of guns is fraught with dangerous possibilities, as he goes on to cite the conclusion arrived at by a report that, â€Å"every year tens of thousands of criminals and domestic abusers like Radcliffe are looking for guns on Armslist.com, where they can easily buy weapons from private sellers without a background check (Elvin 1).† The overall purpose of the author is to move the public opinion in support of the fact that the online sale of guns must come within the ambit of background checks. Going by the fact that the writer’s sister herself got killed by a gun procured online without any background checks, the opinion expressed by the author happens to be utterly valid, credible and reliable. The thing is that the author is no way against guns as he acknowledges that, â€Å"I’m a gun owner, a hunter, and a member of the National Rifle Association (Elvin 1).† However, the writer staunchly supports a responsible attitude towards arms that no way opposes or decries a background check while purchasing arms at any online portal. The writer intends to target a range of readers subscribing to Politico. The writer is targeting the common citizens, many of whom end up being victims of the gun violence on a daily basis. The writer may also be targeting the anti gun control organizations like the National Rifle Association, encouraging them to support a reasonable and midway approach towards gun control. The article also has an undeniable political angle as it also happens to target the law makers, ordinary citizens, think tanks, pressure groups and anybody who is concerne d about the issue of gun control. The article contains ample information that helps the readers construct the writer’s persona in their minds. Even a cursory perusal of the article testifies to the fact that the writer happens to be a person who has personally suffered from gun violence, as he clearly

The Mechanicals play Essay Example for Free

The Mechanicals play Essay The Mechanicals play is full of devices which show how incompetent they are as actors. How would you direct the play of Pyramus and Thisbe to bring out the comedy? The Pyramus and Thisbe play is classed as a tragedy but despite this the Mechanicals make it a comedy through their incompetence as actors. As a director I would bring out the comedy by exploring: casting, voices, body, costume, props, movement and blocking. I would choose to put the play on at the Globe theatre because that way the audience could appreciate the words and acting of the play rather than be dazzled by fancy lighting and sound. I would have the people of the court lying down at the edges of the stage so that they are still there but not detracting attention away from the Mechanicals. Quince starts the play with the prologue, lines 108 152. I would cast Quince as a tall, slender man with posh English accent so that he can project his voice out over the court. He would be tall because the play is like his baby, he wrote it and directed it and by being taller than the other Mechanicals he is almost like a father, as fathers are taller than their children when they are young. As Quince speaks I would have him with a fairly neutral expression on his face so that he can introduce each actor in the same way. I would have him in a dark suit with a white shirt and black bow tie almost as though he is a master of ceremonies. As he introduces each actor they should stand forward and bow in an exaggerated manner, Thisbe should curtsey, this is to set the over the top acting style for the rest of the play. Pyramus, who is supposed to be a tall, handsome, hero, would be funny played by a short, balding, fat man with a very camp voice. I would have him in clothes of the period and place, i. e. Athens, similar to those of a king or prince. Thisbe, who is supposed to be a beauteous lady would be funny played by a man in drag, wearing a long flowing dress of the period and place with wig to go with and a scarf and she would have a cockney accent. The wall should wear a sheet with a wall painted on, with a white shirt and trousers underneath, he should have one arm stretched out with the sheet attached and the other bent round with his hand on his hip and a brick in the hole that his arm makes with his body. He should have a Liverpudlian accent so that he seems gossipy, meaning that walls have ears and so hear a lot of gossip and want to spread it around. Moonshine should have a London accent and should wear a white shirt and white trousers to give the impression of shining. He should seem thoroughly bored with the whole production because he doesnt have a very large part. He should have a light bulb to hold to represent the moon, a cuddly toy dog on a lead for the dog and a small bonsai tree to represent the bush. The lion should be very timid to be funny because lions are stereotypically ferocious beasts. He should wear an orangey brown furry all in one with a tail and hairy fur around the head. All the actors should be barefoot to add to their incompetence and show that they are the working classes, i. e. too poor to afford good shoes. At this point in the play, because the people of the court are talking amongst themselves rather than to the actors, the actors would ignore their comments. The wall starts to speak and he should stand across the stage, not facing the front but just turning his head, with his arms in place as before and when he says that had a crannied hole or chink he should remove the brick and slowly wave it above his head so that the whole audience can see it before placing it on the floor, this should be done in a very exaggerated manner. When Pyramus speaks he should do very exaggerated, over the top, arm movements as though he was reaching for something. When Pyramus says show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyes the wall should point furiously to the hole made by his arm bent round. Then when Theseus interrupts, Bottom should talk to Theseus in a conspiratorial manner when he explains that deceiving me is Thisbes cue to enter. Thisbe enters form the right, seemingly quite bored because he has to play the part of a woman, stands the other side of the wall to Pyramus, puts her hands on her hips and speaks her lines. Then Thisbe exits on the right and Pyramus on he left. The wall then speaks again but this time in a conspiratorial manner to Theseus. The wall then picks up the brick and exits on the left. The people of the court talk together about the play so far, they should be laughing and joking. The lion enters from the right and timidly speaks his lines with his hands up by his face like paws. He then goes to the back of the stage and squats down and stays there. Moonshine, having entered from the left at the same time as the lion and stood at the back of the stage, comes forward and starts to speak, holding up the light bulb as he does so. Theseus interrupts and so moonshine should look upon him with disbelief, annoyance and that they could have the audacity to interrupt him, this happens again. The third time moonshine says his lines angrily and holds up each prop as he speaks about it, he points at himself for the man in the moon. Thisbe enters form the right and looks around, she says her line with no real feeling; the lion roars very quietly and the people of the court joke about his timid roar as he chases Thisbe off stage left, she drops her scarf when shes chased away. Bottom then comes on stage from the right and speaks his lines whilst doing extremely exaggerated arm movements up towards the moon, he should also exaggerate the irony of the words he speaks on line 256 sweet moon, I thank thee for thy sunny beams. He should then catch sight of her scarf, rush over and fall on his knees by it. He then picks it up and says his lines (265 270), he should be very upset and somewhat angry when speaking these lines, made comical by the camp tone in his voice. He then takes out his wooden sword, when he says out sword, and wound on line 280 and stabs himself with it because he is so overcome with grief at the thought that hes lost Thisbe. He then gets up on to his feet and walks about the stage from side to side, swaying as though he was drunk; moonshine leaves the stage form the left when Pyramus says moon, take thy flight on line 289. Then on line 290, Pyramus falls to his knees and keels over, facing the audience at the front, whilst saying his last line. The play is nearly finished at this point and the people of the court talk amongst themselves and say how they are beginning to get bored of the play. Then Thisbe enters from the right and looks around, she sees Pyramus and goes to kneel behind him; she peers over him to look at his face, seemingly upset, she speaks her lines with her face pointing upwards with one hand on Pyramus side. As she speaks she should shuffle around Pyramus, on her knees, until she is by his knees, then at line 325 come, trusty sword she should reach over for the sword and stab herself. She should then keel over in the opposite direction so that they are top-to-tail, both facing the audience. After Demetrius says hi line, the actors playing Pyramus and Thisbe, i. e. Bottom and Flute, get up and ask the people of the court if they would like to hear the epilogue. Theseus is very quick to say no as all the people have had enough of the play and are bored with it. At this point all the Mechanicals enter, half from the left, half from the right, and they bow, Thisbe should curtsey. Throughout reading this it is vital to remember that the characters accents will play a very big part in bringing out the comedy of the play. In conclusion, despite the fact that the play of Pyramus and Thisbe is a tragedy it is appropriate to put it on as a comedy so that it ties in with the rest of A Midsummer Nights Dream, which is also a comedy. The Mechanicals incompetent acting makes the play of Pyramus and Thisbe comical and as director I would have brought out the comedy by considering: casting, voice, body, costume, props, movement and blocking; movement and voice in particular because by exaggerating all the movements the Mechanicals as actors would seem incompetent, thus bringing out the comedy in the play, and by giving all the Mechanicals a different accent or tone of voice that was very inappropriate for that character, for example, Pyramus with his camp voice, would also bring out the comedy in the play of Pyramus and Thisbe.

The History Of Baking English Language Essay

The History Of Baking English Language Essay Baking has been around since ancient times. Of course, over the years with new inventions and recipes, baking has under-gone major transformations from baking over brick stones to baking in gas or electric ovens. The first form of baking was thought to have been as early as 2500 B.C. or even earlier. Baking is just one of the many ways of cooking. Baking, as we know it, is defined as cooking by dry heat in an oven or on heated metal or stones (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/baking). Dry heat is usually obtained through an oven. Just as important as it is to find out if baking soda can be substituted, it is important to understand the mixtures of baking soda and baking powder. Lets look at baking soda, first. Baking soda, in its original state, can be found in mineral deposits all over the world. Baking soda has been used in America since colonial times, but it wasnt produced in America until 1839. Some common recipes that call for baking soda are different cookie types, breads, pancakes, and many other recipes. Baking soda has several scientific names. The most common name would be sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Sodium bicarbonate has several atoms. It contains one sodium atom, one hydrogen atom, one carbon atom, and three oxygen atoms. Baking soda is a very important part of a recipe. Often times it is referred to as the leavening agent. A leavening agent is a substance that causes substances to rise by releasing gases that produce the finished project with a porous structure. In other words it would be a fa st-acting yeast. As baking soda is added to the batter (to whatever yummy treat you are making), it releases a gas that allows the batter to immediately start to rise. Baking soda begins to work by letting its gas out as soon as it hits a liquid which could be a batter or some dough. Most recipes that call for baking soda usually have other acidic ingredients in them that enable the baking soda to work and taste properly. Baking soda helps with the alkaline taste in your food. It keeps it from having a soapy taste. Now that we know a bit about baking soda, we can now look into its familiar relative baking powder. Baking powder is just as useful as baking soda, but it has a few different powers. Baking powder was first discovered and manufactured in 1843 by a man named Alfred Bird. Along with baking soda, baking powder is found in similar recipes and also in my favorite scones. Baking powder is composed of several ingredients including cornstarch, cream of tartar, and even baking soda. Like baking soda, baking powder is also a leavening agent. Baking powder is different than baking soda in that it is double-acting. Double-acting simply means it rises or acts as a leavening agent at two different times. The first time it starts to work, like the baking soda, is right when it is added to the batter. The second time would be when it is baking. As it is baking, it continues to let out its gases due to the ovens heat. Since it is, in a way, rising twice, it gives your final outcome a fluffier and lighter texture. Baking powder is usually added to recipes that dont have acids as it already contains acids due to the baking soda and cream of tartar. Now that we have learned a little bit about baking soda and baking powder, it will be easier to understand their relationship and how baking soda might or might not be able to be substituted. Since we know that baking soda is usually used where there are acidic substances in the batter, and baking powder is used where there arent any acidic substances, we know that in being able to substitute baking soda we would have to add an acid. In adding an acid, we are, in a way, giving the soda more power, where it can cause the finished baked treat to become lighter and fluffier. This acidic lack is solved by an acid called potassium hydrogen tartrate which is more commonly known as cream of tartar. Cream of tartar was the original leavening agent used by bakers before we had baking powder and baking soda. Remembering that baking powder is double-acting, we now need to see what makes it rise at the two separate times. As I mentioned earlier, the first release of gas (or rise) would be due to the baking soda, but what would cause the second release? That would be where the cream of tartar comes into play. The cream of tartar reacts when it is released into heat, so when your batter or dough goes into the oven and receives the oven heat, the second release of gas begins. Baking soda reacts when it enters a liquid and cream of tartar reacts when it enters heat. So now that we know what causes baking powder to be double acting, it would make sense to add that one special ingredient that makes it double-acting to the baking soda. This special ingredient would be the heat reactant cream of tartar. By adding the cream of tartar to the baking soda, it gives it the added acid to rise in heat when placed in the oven. If you were to try to use only baking soda without any extra ingredient in place of baking powder, you would find that it would leave a bitter taste. When you need to substitute baking soda and cream of tartar for baking powder, it is important not to have too much baking soda with your cream of tartar or vice versa. In closing, we find that baking soda alone cannot be substituted for baking powder, but with a simple ingredient known as cream of tartar, you can have some baking powder. So next time youre baking and you find yourself with missing ingredients or without baking powder, dont break a sweat!! Remember, not only can you substitute applesauce for oil, honey for sugar, but now you know that you can substitute baking soda with a little bit of cream of tartar for the missing baking powder. So finish up with your baking and enjoy your yummy and delicious snack!!

Framework of research methodology

Framework of research methodology Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe the Framework of research methodology followed in this thesis in detail. The elaboration along with the discussion on various types of research will be discussed to explain the approach and methods for the presentation of research work. From the view point of many researchers that Research Methodology is a design process which consists of step by step approach leading towards the conclusion of substantial results. Based on different view point evaluation the researcher of this thesis project suggest that Research Methodology is just a design or step by step approach but its a complete frame work of components which consist of the following: Identify the problem Propagate the idea for possible solution / Brain Storming process Data Collection from the variable sources Evaluate the sample data Conclude the results Finalized the Theory In other words from one of the researcher provides his statements as â€Å"Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment work together to try to address the central research questions.† [http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/design.php] The Research Hypothesis Behind every research work there is certainly some hypothesis always involved, therefore in the same way there are many hypotheses are provided by the different researchers in various research papers about the research methodology, to provide elaboration under the light of those hypothesis the researcher has taken them over here as reference. â€Å"The research or scientific hypothesis is a formal affirmative statement predicting a single research outcome, a tentative explanation of the relationship between two or more variables. For the hypothesis to be testable, the variables must be operationally defined. The is, the researcher specifies what operations were conducted, or tests used, to measure each variables. Thus the hypothesis focuses the investigation on a definite target and determines what observations or measures are to be used† [Research methodology: techniques and trends by Dr. Y.K Singh and Dr. R.B Bajpai Book] The philosophy of the research methodology is to achieve the desired results, for which it is necessary to adopt certain steps, which is also known as Frame work of study. There fore the development in the research can be done. Many Researchers have argued that these research hypotheses by the researcher includes those assumptions which should be vital and in which the researcher views the world so that these assumptions will support the researcher strategy and methods he selected as a part of that strategy. Where as the research can done in various ways , based on the requirements of the thesis projects, but to streamline and to get the most out come of the research there should be a frame work of the thesis has to be adopted. [Self] â€Å"Such philosophies are considered as a tool to find the best way of having research done, and these philosophies enable the researcher to get a well balance conclusion† [Stiles, J. (2003) ‘A Philosophical Justification for a Realist Approach Qualitative Market Research: An International journal, Volume 6, Number 04] The Aims and Objective The aims and objective of this research is to produce a document over a Meta analysis on GPON and EPON technologies with the questionnaire based surveys. For this purpose a customized methodology / framework has been adopted based on the standards provided by the researcher for this nature of work. Types of techniques There are two types of research pattern techniques provided by the researchers one is called Qualitative research and the second is called quantitative research. Sinuff et al. (2007, p.105) defined Qualitative research as â€Å"A Qualitative research offers descriptive models of behaviour, social organization, and social interaction that can be used to improve behaviour and experiences. It is well suited to exploratory investigations of problems which about little are known†. According to Amaratunga et al. (2002), qualitative approach concentrates on words and observations to find a conclusion and it also attempts to design the people in the social sciences. On other side, quantitative research mainly is based on the numbers that represents the opinions and concepts about the particular research. They further argued that the richness and holism of qualitative data can provide strong support for revealing complexities in research process. Furthermore, the information for qualitative research is normally collected over a longer period of time therefore it makes researching more broad. According to Amaratunga et al. (2002) quantitative research design has been considered as appropriate for examining the behavioural component. It has been concerned with measuring the true value of the propositions. It allows the flexibility in examining the data, in terms of statistical analysis, comparative analyses and repeatability of data collection for confirming validity of the research. [Amaratunga Dilanthi, Baldry David, Sarshar Marjan and Newton Rita (2002) ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of â€Å"Mixed† Research Approach, Research Paper, 51(1): 17-31.] Web link: [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8AC83587644A027D31356889353AAD04?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=851373] Amaratunga et al. (2002) have summarized some of the strengths of quantitative research, which are shown as follows; Its process is quick and also economical. The subject under study is analyzed and observed independently. In quantitative research the comparison and replication is allowed. The reliability and validity can be obtained more objectively than the qualitative. In Quantitative research, data is collected from the large sample that may have a huge influence on the policy decisions. The subject under study is analyzed and observed by adopting the objective methods rather than just been focused on the subjectivity through sensation and reflection. [Amaratunga Dilanthi, Baldry David, Sarshar Marjan and Newton Rita (2002) ‘Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of â€Å"Mixed† Research Approach, Research Paper, 51(1): 17-31.] [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8AC83587644A027D31356889353AAD04?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=851373] Research Approach (Qualitative Vs Quantitative) The research approach can be either Qualitative or Quantitative, whereas both have there advantages and disadvantages in different scenarios. A quantitative approach consists of the knowledge which will measure, describe and explain all the processes, this type of approach are applies to scientific researches, where the data is taken as sample and to obtain the results. A Qualitative approach is the one in which knowledge is tested to investigate, interpret and to comprehend the processes. In the below given table a comparison can be seen. Research techniques As in previous it is stated by the researchers that there are various techniques adopted to get the most output of the research work. There fore as in case of this thesis which is based on Meta analysis the following listed steps will be followed. Literature Review Questionnaire based Survey Survey Analysis Conclusion / Result set Data Collection, Surveys and Questionnaire Data Collection Methods Data can be collected for the research purposes in two methods, primary data collection and secondary data collection, which are defined below: Primary Data In this kind of research the researcher has to collect all the information related to the topic, by interacting himself with different professionals related to the research topic. Data can be collected for various reasons, such as doing research from the organisations perspective, where the researcher has to carry out interviews and prepare questionnaires that are useful to obtain relevant information (). Primary research can be very hectic and time consuming as the researcher has to attain the knowledge from the people who are indirectly or directly related with the topic which is being researched. The reason for not to use primary research is because retail sector is very vast sector, and requires thorough understanding of its operations. Primary research need to be carried out when there are lack of information available through secondary research, which can be obtained thorough primary research by conducting telephonic interviews, mailed questionnaires or by focus group that is a nother reason why the researcher choose the method of secondary research to gather all the relevant information. [Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate research in business: a critical guide, London: Sage publications] If the research is of primary data collection then there are two types of observations, participants observations which is more emphasis on qualitative and the second is structured observations which is more attached to quantitative (). [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson Education] Participant And Structured Observations â€Å"Participant observation is a major research strategy which aims to gain a close and intimate familiarity within a group of individuals, and their practices† (wikipedia, 2007). Their intensive involvement is also required with the people in their natural environment. [online] Available at: [Accessed 10th dec 2006]. Collection Of Primary Data Use of interpersonal interviews and purposeful questionnaires are the most authentic ways of collecting data unlike observations and case studies, which makes the data more reliable and realistic. In collection of primary data use of questionnaires and interviews help to make the research more significant [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson Education]. In primary data collection the researcher has to interact with individuals or groups in order to obtain required data, which is not being collected before and is exclusive. [Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate research in business: a critical guide, London: Sage publications] Collection And Design Of Questionnaires Design of questionnaires should be precise and understandable. Before giving feedbacks everyone would like to know who you are (having contact numbers or address), what type of research you are doing and what will be the outcomes. The list of questions should appear clear and not very lengthy, try to make answerer not to work hard and except giving long answers they can carry on with simple ticks, or circles []. [Brent, primary data collection methods, [online], Available at: http://brent.tvu.ac.uk/dissguide/hm1u3/hm1u3text3.htm]. According to Bryman: (2003: pp. 161, Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press.), it is necessary to keep in mind that the questions which are being prepared for the research, should be asked in different ways, such as: Personal questions, which include the private information from the participant like age, gender, etcetera (2003 pp. 161-164, Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press). Factual question but this includes the information about others. Informer factual questions which includes the information other then private. Questions about what the respondent beliefs regarding certain aspects are. Question about attitudes are very common in asking for the research information (Bryman, 2003 pp. 161-164). Questions about topic mean that whether participant has the knowledge and experience regarding specific area or not (Bryman, 2003 pp. 161-164). [Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press] Advantages And Disadvantages Of Primary Data Collection It is also advantageous if data is being collected by the use of primary research. Keeping in view that it could only happen if the sample questionnaire is simple and relevant, and there is no replication or irrelevancy in questionnaires. Disadvantages include the expensive procedure having time constraint. There is also a possibility of participants being bias when answering the questionnaire which may result in data being misinterpreted. Secondary Data Secondary data collection is a kind of research where there is no need for the researcher to be involved directly or physically with the live experiences. In this research the data is available in different forms such as printed material or electronic versions and contain all the past experiences, experienced by individuals or organizations. Comparatively secondary data collection is much easier and hassle free for the researcher who wants the research to be based on past experiences (Quinton, 2006: pp. 67-69). According to research compliance (no date) â€Å" Data, documents, records, or specimens that have been collected, or will be collected solely for non-research purposes and are in existence prior to the beginning of the study†. Resources Of Secondary Data For the collection of secondary data research there are various indefinite resources through which information can be collected. The researcher must be using the data which is being collected prior to do the research and may be used for some other reasons before. The most commonly resources from which data could be collected are: newspapers, magazines, articles, journals (manuals and e journals both), financial reports and some internal organisational documents could be a part of secondary data. Data Collection Techniques Techniques tell us by what means the data will be collected. Following section shows the methods used by the researcher to collect data. Multiple sources.( different societies) Survey data (statistical census reports and governmental data) Multiple Sources While working on this dissertation the researcher had gone through some of the Vendor based white papers to have more clear idea of the technology, also gone through the Research papers provided by the various researchers. Survey Data Survey data means what so ever information or data being collected prior to the research from any specific resources, like literature or review being published could be used as a part of secondary data collection Collection Of Secondary Data While the data is gathered from secondary sources, it is not always possible to fulfill all the desired results, that a researcher is expecting as these informations can be published for some other purposes, but have some-what relevance to the work on which researcher is working, so these datas can benefit the researcher (Saunders et al. 2000: p. 200). When gathering data from news papers, there is likelihood that news papers can have some printing mistakes, it is very rare that they publish some reports which might be proved wrong in future; even then news papers are and will always be a great resource of secondary data. With web links, some of the websites are amendable by anyone, in that case the research can be affected because data is not authenticated (Saunders et al, 2000). Advantages Of Secondary Data There is no doubt that Secondary research is more advantageous as described by Ghauri et al: (1995) [] that, in search of solution of the research questions and aims, secondary data enables the researcher to gather existing data through various resources, in desired amount of money and time. Secondary data take less time in analysis and give more chance to think about synergy. Whereas, Steward and Kamins: (1993) [] argues that in comparison with primary data secondary data is the most quickest way of gathering knowledge, and seems to be the more viable alternative and is of high quality in nature and easier to measure. [Ghauri et. al., (1995, citing in Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] [Karmins and Stewarts, (1993, Cited by Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] Disadvantages Of Secondary Data According to Denscombe (1998), â€Å"there are some disadvantages of choosing the secondary based research, the data, which is being used, may be of old version and not reflect objectives and research questions.† In other words this method can also be inappropriate because the data collected may have interpretations that are not exactly following the said topic aims. Resources Used Secondary based research is comprised on the data which is previously available via different acknowledged resources, therefore the researcher come across to different reliable resources in order to collect the relevant data such as: Resources for e-journals Business Process Management Journal, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management ) Emerald (articles) Search Engines Google advance search. Google ( scholar search, online books and Literature) Books. Articles. Magazines. Professional in the field of Network Access Technology [Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson Education] [Denscombe (1998, Citing by Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] [Ghauri et. al., (1995, citing in Saunders et al. 2000), research methods for business students, England: Pearson Education limited.] [Bryman, A. and Bell. E. (2003), â€Å"Business research methods†, New York: Oxford University Press] [Brent, primary data collection methods, [online], Available at: http://brent.tvu.ac.uk/dissguide/hm1u3/hm1u3text3.htm]. [Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006), postgraduate research in business: a critical guide, London: Sage publications]